Sleep Is The Most Important Phase Of Sleep - 1746 Words

Sufficient sleep is a biological necessity for the normal functioning of humans, it allows the body to rest and to replenish itself so that it is able to serve its function of living. In addition, mental and physical health depend on the amount of sleep we get. Most adults and students value work and college much more than sleep, this is due to the academic, career, and materialistic demands. Researchers have noted a positive correlation between lack of sleep and decreased physical health, mental health, and academic performance. Sleep consists of two cycles: non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM), which are sleep patterns that alternate throughout the night. Firstly, sleep begins with non-REM sleep lasting about 90 minutes followed by REM sleep lasting 10-30 minutes, then the cycle repeats itself. REM sleep is the most important phase of sleep because the body is internally awake, with waking-like brain activity, yet asleep and externally calm. Thus, an uninterru pted REM phase of sleep is necessary for integrating previously learned material, and giving the individual a feeling of being well rested and refreshed. Many individuals will put sleep off so that more work hours, and school work can be fit into the day in order to get a better outcome such as job promotions or better academic grades, but I believe that sleep deprived people show a low performance in daily tasks due to suffering from mental, and physical health disorders. Sleep deprivationShow MoreRelatedThe Scientific Phenomenon of Sleeping1073 Words   |  4 PagesTo Sleep Introduction Sleep is one of the most fascinating scientific phenomena in the world. It has been viewed as the sweetest of experiences as well as the dullest of the experiences. Shakespeare referred to sleep as †¦the cousin of death. On the other end, philosophers such as Socrates believed that sleep was one of lifes great treats, even arguing that eternal dreamless sleep was preferable to life. Science has shown that sleep is not only a treat, it is a necessity. Sleep plays a crucialRead MoreSleep Is A Common Problem Essay1198 Words   |  5 PagesFailing to fall asleep peacefully and stay asleep throughout the night is a common problem for everyone. A lack of sleep can alter your mood, personality, and simply just ruin your day. Switching positions, tossing and turning, and plumping pillows is worse than nightmares, nightmares that you can t wake up from because you can t get to sleep! A suitable amount of sleep is very important to us; we are deeply invested in finding relaxing methods that will allow you to fall asleep with ease. We are excitedRead MoreThe Application Sleep As Android850 Words   |  4 PagesObjectives The application Sleep as Android, is a mobile health app that is run on the android platform. The objectives of this app is to function as a smart alarm with a variety of functions as well as a sleep tracker. The target users for this app are those who want to track their sleep cycles, or users who like to wake up gently in an optimal phase to feel more awake. These might include those with sleep issues such as trouble falling asleep, those with sleep apnea, and those who are interestedRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of Insomnia1214 Words   |  5 Pages Insomnia Sleep is considerably one of the most beneficial things there is for our health. It improves several functions of our body and affects our overall mood. However, not many people get the amount of sleep needed every night. Several factors can influence that, including disorders. According to a study done by Columbia University, 50 to 70 million Americans suffer from a sleeping disorder. About 30 percent of these people are struggling with insomnia (â€Å"What is Insomnia?†). InsomniaRead MoreThe Power and Purpose of Dreams1144 Words   |  5 Pages The human brain is capable of handling and performing even the most detailed tasks. Although scientists can’t fully and clearly explain what that the definition of dreaming is, observing, testing, and performing different practices, has given experts and scientists enough information to have a general idea of what is going on in the human brain while in this dream state. It is a way to travel into time or into a plac e that could never exist. Dreams can be a gateway to see your future, to whatRead MoreTo Sleep is to Dream1120 Words   |  5 Pagesthat I was unable to tell if they truly happened or occurred in my dreams. Sleeping is very important to everyone. Without proper sleep, the body’s immune system can begin to fail, and then one will become more susceptible to virus, illnesses, and disease. Even when we are asleep, the human mind does not completely sleep. When we are asleep, we tend to tune out environmental sounds that occur when we sleep. For example, I live near a freeway, yet the sounds of it never wake me. The auditory cortexRead MoreSleep Can Improve Learning And Memory Essay1362 Words   |  6 PagesAbstract Sleep can improve learning and memory. However whether the length and type of sleep whether this correlates to academic performance is unclear. Therefore the aim of the proposed experiment is to research whether length and type of sleep experienced correlates with academic performance It is hypothesised that longer sleep with more Non-REM sleep will correlate with higher academic performance. Participants will be randomly selected 1st year psychology students taking a mandatory 100 levelRead MoreSymptoms And Symptoms Of A Long Day1558 Words   |  7 Pagescome. As you lay there, you slowly begin to relax your muscles until your breathing pattern alters. Eyes closed, chest motioning up and down in a consistent rhythm, you peacefully fall asleep in a matter of minutes until your mind wanders in your sleep and begins to form images, piecing together aspects of everyday life to form its own story line. A change in mood occurs as your surroundings become darker and ominous, usually accompanied by a threatening figure full of danger and discomfort. SomethingRead MoreThe Effects Of Sleep On A Public Health Epidemic955 Words   |  4 PagesSleep is one of the most important parts of our day it effects many aspects of daily functioning and is essential in order for a per son to perform at their best. Unfortunately far too many ignore the importance of sleep and sacrifice sleep in order to meet the demands of daily life. The U.S center for disease control has deemed insufficient sleep a public health epidemic.( ) recent literature has shown that adolescence are one of the most sleep deprived populations. The reason being that sleep patternsRead MoreCo Sleeping714 Words   |  3 PagesAlthough it may sound as if I sleep on a construction site, I actually sleep in my queen size bed along with my three and six year old sons. I began co-sleeping with each of them at birth. It made life much easier during the infant phase of their lives. But that phase has been long gone. I believe that I was able to bond even more with my children through co sleeping. But now I find myself too often tired and unable to concentrate on tasks. While parents who co sleep feel closer to their children

Violence in Video Games - 770 Words

In the article from Thom Gillespie states that Grand Theft Auto (GTA) is the latest video game to be known of demeaning our society’s youth in the U.S. He states though however, video games such as GTA are â€Å"art† and deserve protection. Moreover, those games just mirror humanitys violent instincts; they do not provoke violence, Gillespie argues. These games also offer chances for debates about ethical issues and the costs of actions. It is known from his writings that Thom Gillespie is a professor of telecommunications and a director of the Masters in Immersive Mediated Environments program at Indiana University in Bloomington. (Gillespie). He mentions in his article that: He teaches game design at Indiana University in the MIME [Masters in Immersive Mediated Environments] program, so he actually has to study games. He has a research budget, some of which he uses to buy Play Stations and lots of games. He also buys strategy guides because these games are in reality too difficult for a guy with a Ph.D. in information science from the University of California at Berkeley to figure out in a normal time frame, like say, a school term. This term he has been spending a lot of time trying to understand how GTA is corrupting minds and morals. He hasnt figured out the minds-and-morals thing yet, but he has discovered that there are some amazing areas where using GTA in my university classroom with the students is a wildly enlightening experience for both himself and the kids.Show MoreRelatedThe Effect of Video Game Violence on Physiological Desensitization to Real-life Violence2765 Words   |  12 Pageschildren who play video games for many hours daily. Addic tion controls life of people, there is addiction to drugs, cigarettes, alcohol or gambling, and there are some forms of addiction associated with modern life, such as Internet and video games. Most people think that video games are harmful and waste of time. As a result, the main question of the research is how video games can influence on children and many minor questions come to mind about video games: Do video games influence a child’sRead MoreViolent Video Games Cause Increased Violence Essay1855 Words   |  8 Pagesobjective of video games is to entertain people by surprising them with new experiences.† (Shigeru Miyamoto) Shigeru Miyamoto is the creator of some of gaming’s most iconic video game characters, Mario Jumpman Mario, Link and Donkey Kong; while also, serving as co-Representative Director of the game company, Nintendo and is highly respected. Miyamoto, based on the quote provided, feels that video games are meant to entertain people and nothing more. However, many people feel as though video games only causeRead MoreVideo Games : Video Game Violence1502 Words   |  7 Pages2013 Video Game Violence The evolution of video games has taken a drastic change since the 1970’s when video games were first introduced. Since then every decade video games have become more violent in nature with strong language and realistic to suit society today. Craig Anderson states that with more violence in video games they would sell better than games with less violence (Anderson, Gentile, and Beckley pg.5). Violent video games really became popular when the first person shooter games wereRead MoreVideo Games : Video Game Violence Essay1693 Words   |  7 PagesVideo Game Violence Blood and gore, intense violence, strong sexual content, use of drugs. These are just a few of the phrases that the Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB) uses to describe the content of several games. The future of entertainment revolves around technology. Along with the evolvement of technology, video games are also changing. More ways of playing violent video games are created each year, but most of us have this question in mind; do violent video games influence peopleRead MoreVideo Game Violence : Video Games892 Words   |  4 PagesVideo Game Violence On December 14, 2012, a twenty year old boy named Adam Lanza shot twenty children and six staff at Sandy Hook Elementary School in Newtown, Connecticut. Before arriving to the school, he shot his mother then committed suicide after the shooting. The reports say that he was influenced to shooting others by the video game â€Å"Call of Duty†. Video game violence is defined as a behavior including physical violence intended to hurt, damage, or kill someone or something impacted by videoRead MoreVideo Games : Violence And Violence1301 Words   |  6 PagesThe issue of violence in these media products has been a highly-debated issue for the past few decades. Recently it has become extremely popular in the subject of violence in video games. It is rumored that games such as â€Å"Call of Duty, Mortal Kombat, Battlefield, Halo and many more have been the culprit behind a recent spike in childhood aggression. Many people have their own views on the subject, but it has been most com monly deduced that aggression is caused by the games, but violence does not alwaysRead MoreVideo Games and Violence942 Words   |  4 Pages Video Games and Violence Awe entering in more advanced society of technology, video games has become a popular source of entertainment among us. Almost all of us has rented or owned a video game and we have spent hours playing it. As we all know, video games have become the second most popular form of entertainment after television; the source of entertainment is proven to be violent. Excessive playing of video games has a huge impact on our life as well asRead MoreVideo Games and Violence1011 Words   |  4 Pagesare probably millions and billions of video games sold every year to people. Some people seem to believe that violence correlates directly with video games. Video games are something that is usually a big interest in people at the ages of 13 to 19 years old. Video games usually start off as a little fun and then turn into a major hobby for some people. Emotions change based on whatever happens while a person is engaging in these games most of the time. These games are another way to observe how p eopleRead MoreVideo Games Violence664 Words   |  3 PagesUNV - 104 August 11, 2013 Video Games and Violence Video games and violence have different effects on children according to the type of video games that is being watched It is important to understand the world of video games. All video games do not prevent violence in children. Parents should take into consideration in monitoring their child while choosing video games. Depending on the video game that is chosen, does not mean the child will result in violent behavior later on in lifeRead MoreThe Violence Of Video Games971 Words   |  4 PagesMost kids today play video games to entertain themselves and it’s their hobby. Today kids and even young adults play games like Grand Theft Auto V (GTA V), Call of Duty, and Fallout 4. All three of these games were one of the top games of their respective year of release. What do they all have in common? They depict violence in a way that its becoming more realistic every year they’re sequels are released. But what’s up with people blaming video games for mass shootings and other heinous

Promotion for Clinical Practice-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Promotion for Clinical Practice. Answer: Clinical governance measures the culture and attitude of the healthcare professionals in the identification and reporting of quality improvement that helps to establish an inclusive learning and supportive working culture (Emery and Chang 2017). It accentuates the vitality of providing the best quality of care to patients or clients in a secured environment that is central to healthcare quality improvement and in accordance with the patient needs. It is aimed at promoting clinical excellence and encourages proactive approach that inculcate the best practice (Smith, Latter and Blenkinsopp 2014). The incident took place when I was assigned to look after a patient who had an episode of severe abdominal pain. I was given the opportunity to administer the morphine base pain medication through intramuscular route and I achieved competency that was needed for promoting clinical governance. Although, I had a previous negative experience of medication administration, I discussed with my mentor and she encouraged me and empathized me to combat my fear ad also provided constructive and positive feedback after the event. Prior to the procedure, I took the patients informed consent and checked for allergies. I commenced with the administration and was very comfortable and relaxed during the procedure. After the completion, I got a positive feedback and in this way, I minimized the patient risk, maintained the quality of standard care and got an opportunity to improve my skills and learn through the process and promote highest quality care while working in well-supported partnership. The ensuring of quality and safety of healthcare can be promoted through demonstration of clinical excellence through patient safety and highest quality of healthcare. The incident took place when I was placed in a surgical ward to remove the wound dressing through a non-touch procedure. I was requested to stay until doctor comes for visit. I was alarmed to see that the doctor came straight to the patient to examine the wound without using alcohol gel or washing hands. I was shocked and was concerned that sleeves of the shirt might be contaminated. By the time, I would summon my courage, it was already late and doctor was gone. Later, I spoke to my supervisor regarding the incident and was pleased to get a positive feedback. Finally, I ensured that five moments of hand hygiene is important for ensuring patient safety and quality of healthcare. This incident helped me to develop my assertive skills to ensure client well-being and create awareness among my colleagues and frame strategi es to achieve it (Lyle-Edrosolo and Waxman 2016). Empowering of patients or clients is also important, as they are also a part of the therapeutic process. During my round at the ward, I heard a scream and saw a patient lying on the floor. I was horrified by the incident and after settlement, I discovered that the patient was suffering from dementia and lacked effective communication. The patient recovered and I decided to empower him so that he can help himself with the activities of daily living (ADL). He started responding to my care plan and was able to assist himself with ADL. For this, I organized a health awareness program where I explained my colleagues that there should be good communication between patients and caregivers to empower them and in conveying their concerns to the caregivers in providing patient-centred care (Pulvirenti, McMillan and Lawn 2014). References Emery, C. and Chang, J., 2017, July. Reflection in a new light: updating Gibbs' reflective cycle on a foundation degree in healthcare sciences. InHEA Conference, generation TEF. Lyle-Edrosolo, G. and Waxman, K.T., 2016. Aligning Healthcare Safety and Quality Competencies: Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN), The Joint Commission, and American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) Magnet Standards Crosswalk.Nurse Leader,14(1), pp.70-75. Pulvirenti, M., McMillan, J. and Lawn, S., 2014. Empowerment, patient centred care and self?management.Health Expectations,17(3), pp.303-310. Smith, A., Latter, S. and Blenkinsopp, A., 2014. Safety and quality of nurse independent prescribing: a national study of experiences of education, continuing professional development clinical governance.Journal of advanced nursing,70(11), pp.2506-2517

Motivational Factor at Tesco free essay sample

Max staff motivation management and its connection to staff loyalty. This dissertation investigates what important role staffs has in the organisation and highlights peculiarities in staff loyalty and work attitude development. The researcher believes that staff plays as an essential role in any industry therefore good staff management ensures ones commitment and input to the organisation. To find a good talent as an employee is a difficult task however to keep this talent, improve and develop is much more complicated. Nevertheless in order to sustain competitive advantage companies and particularly T. K. Max have to concentrate on the staff management approaches it uses and be eager to improve and develop the strategy at all times. 1. 2. The Research Background: The global business environment constantly changes. It is becoming more evident today that the key element of the business environment today is its employees. Motivation has been a subject of several studies. The main researches are the following: Maslow’s hierarchy of need, Alderfer’s ERG theory, McClelland’s theory of socially required needs and Herzberg’s motivation-hygiene theory. We will write a custom essay sample on Motivational Factor at Tesco or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page These theories concentrate of the benefits and importance of motivation, however researcher found it necessary for this research to consider that as it is mentioned by Vercueil, 2001 incorrectly implemented motivation management causes a harmful affect on the employees. Watt, 1998 refers to Anon saying that in the past motivation could be identifies as a way to make people want what we want and differs it from manipulation that makes individuals do what we want. However today as it mentioned by Bruce and Pepitone, 1999 modern employees are much more sophisticated and are in search for a greater satisfaction from the job they are doing. Artificial reward or money alone are nor enough. Therefore modern organisations need to learn and understand human nature as it indicates why people in these case employees behave in a particular manner. Managers need to motivate the employee leading to a grater working performances and mainly managers have to understand their employees needs and their life organization in order to meet the employees expectations and motivate ones performance more efficiently. Staff retention is a significant element of every successful business. It is characterized by the employees desire to sustain in the organization and continuing contribution to the business. In times of economic crisis more and more individuals have to stay at their jobs even if conditions are not favorable due to a risk of being unable to provide for a family. However more and more individuals are raising the importance of staff motivation management. Organizations today have realized that a modern employee needs to be rightly motivated and encouraged, not only money wise, to ensure staff retention. Motivation is a force that stimulates people to perform an action. Therefore motivation is a force which compel people go to their work every day and that is why people bring improvement in themselves to satisfy the desire of becoming or accomplishing what they have set out to become or accomplish in their life. More over with motivation any complicated situation can be converted into a simple and learning experience. In his research Watt, 2003 also states that managers must understand that individuals want to be treated fairly and have equal opportunities to advance.

Using Assessment and Feedback in Differentiated Instruction Essays

Using Assessment and Feedback in Differentiated Instruction Bridgette Wrice EDU 675 Dr. Steven Brownson August 22, 2010 Differentiated instruction is teaching with student difference in mind. It means starting where the kids are before accepting a consistent approach to teaching that seems to assume that all learners of a given age or grade are alike. A fuller definition of differentiated instruction is that a teacher proactively plans varied approaches to what students need to learn, how they will learn it, and/or how they can express what they have learned in order to increase the likelihood that each student will learn as much as he or she can as efficiently as possible. (Tomlinson, 2003) Assessment Assessment is the process of documenting, usually in measurable terms, knowledge, skills, attitudes and beliefs. Assessments can be classified in many different ways. The most important divisions are: (1) formative and summative; (2) objective and subjective; (3) criterion-referenced and norm-referenced; and (4) informal and formal. There are two main types of assessment. There is summative assessment which is carried out at the end of a course or projects. Summative assessments are usually used to assign students a course grade. The other assessment is called formative assessment. Formative assessment is carried out throughout a course or project. Formative assessment is used to assist learning and it might be a teacher (or peer) or the learner, providing feedback on a student's work, and would not necessarily be used for grading purposes. Summative and formative assessments are referred to as assessment of learning and assessment for learning. Assessment for learning provides teachers with data to modify and improve instruction. Assessment of learning evaluates students' knowledge and skills in order to make accurate decisions about students' placements (Earl, 2006). The goals of student assessments is to learn about "students' knowledge, skills, and affective status" in order to inform the school, other teachers, parents, and students (Popham, 2006). Summative or formative assessment can be objective or subjective. Objective assessment is a form of questioning which has a single correct answer. Subjective assessment is a form of questioning which may have more than one answer. There are various kinds of objective and subjective questions. Objective question types include true/false, multiple choice, multiple-response and matching questions. Subjective questions include extended-response questions and essays. Objectiv e assessment is becoming more popular due to the increased use of online assessment. Assessment can be either formal or informal as well. Formal assessment is usually a written document, such as a test, quiz, or paper. Formal assessment is given a numerical score or grade based on student performance. Informal assessment does not add to a student's final grade. It usually occurs in a more casual manner, including observation, inventories, participation, peer and self evaluation, and discussion. Evaluation Evaluation is perhaps the most complex and least understood of the terms. When we evaluate, what we are doing is engaging in some process that is designed to provide information that will help us make a conclusion about given circumstances. Usually, any evaluation process requires information about the question at hand. They usually are objectives, goals, standards, procedures, and so on. When we evaluate, we are saying that the process will give up information concerning the value, correctness, goodness, validity, legality, etc., of something for which a reliable measurement or assessment has been made. Teachers, in particular, are constantly evaluating students, and such evaluations are usually done as comparisons between what was intended and what was obtained. Grading We grade to provide feedback, document progress, and to guide instructional decisions. Teaching and learning can and do occur without grades. We do not give students grades in order to teach them. Grades are an indication of summative experiences only not formative experiences. Students can learn without grades, but they must have feedback. Grades are assumptions based upon a sample of student?s work. They are highly subjective and relative. The fact that a range of grades happens among teachers who grade the same product suggests that assessment can only be done against commonly accepted and clearly understood criteria. Grades are relative. Teachers have to be knowledgeable in their subject area in order to assess students properly. Grades are subjective and can vary from teacher to teacher. Grades are not always accurate indicators

Public Health Promotion Strategy Essays

Public Health Promotion Strategy Essays Public Health Promotion Strategy Essay Public Health Promotion Strategy Essay Public Health Promotion Strategy of Lhuntse Introduction Public health is the first priority of a nation as health is the chief priority to man. According to the American Public Health Association, APHA(2001), public health as the practice of preventing diseases and promoting good health within groups of people from small communities to entire countries. The functions of public health include preventing epidemics, monitoring health status of the population, developing policies and laws to protect health, providing health care services at all costs and all activities related to benefiting public and their health. Bhutan, within the confines of China in the north and India in the south, was a late bloomer in to development. Now, 90% of the population has access to basic health care services delivered through a network of 29 hospitals, 176 Basic Health Units and 541 outreach clinics. Of the twenty Dzongkhags or districts in Bhutan, Lhuentse dzongkhag is one of the least developed with eight gewogs. â€Å"Most of the villages are still in accessible with lack of roads and electricity. one hospital, 11 Basic Health Units and 31 Outreach clinics render public health services in the dzongkhag. About 50% of the households have access to piped drinking water supply. †(Ninth five year plan, Bhutan, n. d). This paper plans to focus on studying the public health sector scenario in the particular dzongkhag and improving it. Purpose of the action plan Purpose of the action plan is to promote various factors such as followings To improve maternal health care, it is very essential to provide healthy manner of health services to improve maternal health care to make pregnancy safe. Mother’s education, Mother’s education is the basic knowledge of parenting. To Improvement in food supply and sanitation, improvements in food supply and sanitation will lead to increase life spans and reduce disease. Initiatives taken by the health services such as clean drinking water supply and hygiene directly help in improvement in food supply and sanitation. To Reduce in Poverty, to make reduction in poverty line . To Change living standard, with the development taking place in t he country, living standard of the people has been rapidly changed. Public health Issues and Concerns Lhuentse Dzongkhags has the concern over the issues related to public health as follows; As the morbidity among the children under five year of age and all pregnant women and women in child bearing age was accounted to , Male-767 and Female-642. (PHCB, pg. 191). The number of deliveries of the new born babies attended by health professionals was – 90 pregnant women, whereas, the number of deliverie not attended was recorded to -231 cases as noted in (PHCB, pg. 04). According to PHCB, 2005,The Dzongkhag has also noted the increase in the number of disables that was numbered to 990 people and most were disabled to seeing that was recorded to-327 people. (PHCB,pg. 211) Most of the people in the Dzongkhag had limited access to safe drinking water with the account of 253 households having piped water within house and 2377 households having piped water outside house. (PHCB, pg. 222) 5. The people in the Dzongkhag had limited acces to basic health facility of proper toilet. As, 2143 households had the accessibility to pit latrine and 423 households had no latrines at all (PHCB, pg. 241). The issues also includes, Maternal and child health The lack of nutrition in the diet leading to malnutrition Outbreak of infectious diseases The high alcohol consumption leading to increase in alcohol related diseases (Liver cirrhosis). Public Health Promotion Strategy Their strategies put emphasis on improvement ofquality of services, development of human and institutional capacity, and decentralization with focus on rural access. 1. Enhance the quality of health services To improve the quality of services and further consolidate the infrastructure. Standardization and quality assurance, focusing on diagnostic and healing aspects, and use of appropriate technology. 2. To reach the inaccessible population There are still population groups who are not reached satisfactorily by the health services. Taking into account all of the problems and factors, Out Reach Clinics (ORCs) have been constructed and organized. 3. Strengthen traditional medicine system The traditional medicine system is being strengthened with the emphasis on human resource development through the Institute of Traditional Medicine. This has also been included in the ordinary health services at the hospital. The capacity and productivity of the Pharmaceutical Units have been increased.

IT Outsourcing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

IT Outsourcing - Assignment Example The article reveals the plan by the above top American banks to outsource IT services worth $ 5 billion to Indian companies of; Tata Consultancy Services, Wipro, HCL, Cognizant and Infosys. The plan to outsource it reveals, is as a result of the strict government compliance requirements brought about by recent legislations that include among others, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform Act. The new laws require banking institutions to comply within 18-24 months pressurizing major banks to outsource activities not core to their businesses. The article further provides information on how significant the revenue from the American banks will be to the Indian companies citing TCS and Cognizant, both Indian compnies, as the initial beneficiary of the outsourcing exercise with revenues from their banking customers constituting 40%. Infosys is revealed to be earning 36.2% of its revenue from the writing of applications from banks like the Bank of America (Mishra & Sabharwal, 2011). The American are outsourcing back office related services and writing of applications. This is so because the mentioned services are of significance but not core to the operations of these banks. They can therefore easily offload them to external firms without interfering with their routine operational activities. Other services usually outsourced are back-up data storage, IT infrastructural development projects and website maintenance activities. The companies in the article are outsourcing to comply with government regulations and at the same time minimise operational costs. Most institutions however, the banks in the article included, are choosing to focus on their core businesses and leave subsidiary services to the experts through outsourcing. By so doing, profits for these instructions are rising and their service delivery standards improving since all their efforts are put to doing what their core businesses entail (Solli-Saether & Gottschalk, 2010). The institutions featured

Responding to the Public Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Responding to the Public - Essay Example On the 14th of February 2008 a gunman shot twenty-four people on the campus of Northern Illinois University that is located in Dekalb, Illinois, wounding eighteen and killing six (The Evening Standard, 2008). Descriptions of the event recounted the gunman, who was later identified as Steven Kazmierczak, 27, stepped out from behind a curtain in the large lecture hall, and opened fire then turning the weapon on himself, committing suicide (Western Mail, 2008). Later identified as a former student at the university, police were not able to ascertain a motive for the shootings, citing that Kazmierczak was taking some type of medication and was reported by friends and neighbours as acting increasingly erratic during the weeks leading up to the incident (Western Mail, 2008). Further puzzling is that he did not have any type of police record (Western Mail, 2008). ... Later identified as a former student at the university, police were not able to ascertain a motive for the shootings, citing that Kazmierczak was taking some type of medication and was reported by friends and neighbours as acting increasingly erratic during the weeks leading up to the incident (Western Mail, 2008). Further puzzling is that he did not have any type of police record (Western Mail, 2008). Reported as an outstanding student when he attended the university, it was found that Kazmierczak has been treated temporarily for mental illness as a result of unruly behaviour toward his parents in his early teens (Daily Post, 2008). Prior to this tragic event, the university had not have any type of violent incidents, not even student riots or unrest, as Northern Illinois University is located in a quiet small Midwestern town. The Hidden Factors Later investigation turned up that Steven Kazmierczak indeed had a secret life that hide his good student and known public behaviour opinions (The Huffington Post, 2009). In the late 1990s Kazmierczak spent in excess of "a year at the Thresholds-Maryhill House ", which was "an alternative high school program for children suffering from mental illness" (The Huffington Post, 2009). The foregoing was a result of unruly behaviour, and he was admitted by his parents. Kazmierczak's condition, which Dr. Jay Rice (2008) describes as abandonment that could have its causes in the following events "1. He may have felt abandoned by his parents for placing him in treatment at Thresholds, 2. He may have felt abandoned by the illness of his mother and her death from ALS or Lou Gehrig's Disease in 2006, 3. He may have felt abandoned by the death of an older sister to cancer, 4. He may have

Choose a topic of interest to you that relates to couples or families Essay

Choose a topic of interest to you that relates to couples or families. (I'll attach the instructions) - Essay Example It is true that â€Å"one out of every two marriages ends in divorce† in the current trend (Ambert, 2009). One of the common reasons for divorce to occur in today’s modern day scenario is misunderstanding amid the partners. While discussing the topic of divorce, it can be affirmed that husbands and wives have no time for each other to spend time as they remains quite busy in earning money and saving the same more for future (Bruze et al., 2012). In this process, they forget to enjoy their lives and thus end up divorcing each other. Moreover, there are several other reasons for divorce to happen such as age issue, stress level, cheating and extra marital affair. Divorce imposes huge impact in the lives of the people especially when it occurs in the mid age. It is emotionally distressing and has negative impact on the life of the people, children and the surrounding. It leads to depression, loneliness and gives rise to the feeling of betrayal and failure among oneself (Mo ntenegro, 2004). The Brondenbrenner’s Model, which is also acknowledged as Bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory tends to determine the association prevailing between the individuals and their related environment. This particular theory or model is often used to analyse the psychological issues faced by the individuals due to several environmental systems. The model comprises environmental systems that range from â€Å"interpersonal interaction to broad based influence†. The individual level of this model is regarded as a vital aspect as it expresses a relation between the environment and the human behaviour. It relates to psychological dilemma that an individual face after undergoing divorce. It is usually observed that the rate of divorce is usually more amid the adults whose age range falls under the age of 50 and above (Erikson, n.d.). Similar facts can be justified with reference to the article â€Å"The Gray Divorce Revolution: Rising Divorce Among Middle-Aged and Older Adul ts,

Portrayal Of Women In Chronicle Of Death English Literature Essay

Portrayal Of Women In Chronicle Of Death English Literature Essay Women, generally play many roles in their lives and their portrayal of their character differs from different narratives. We see various personalities of women characters in the novel chronicle of a death foretold and the Theban play Antigone. The main characters I would be analyzing are Antigone, Ismene and Angela Vicario. Although ancient Greece was a male dominated society, Antigone written by Sophocles portrays women as being strong and capable of making wise decisions on their own without any support from men. In this famous tragedy, Sophocles uses the characters Ismene and Antigone to show the different characteristics and roles that woman is typical of interpreting. Traditionally women are characterized as weak and inferior and Ismene is portrayed in this way. Through the character of Antigone, women finally get to present realistic viewpoints about their character. The stereotypes presented in this tragedy address many perspectives of men at this time. Antigones spirit is filled with bravery, passion and rebellion; which allow her to symbolize the very essence of women. She is strong enough to do what her conscious tells her despite the laws of the land, set by the king. Many examples in the play prove that Antigones character is very capable of making her own decisions in the name of justice. First, Antigone opposes Creons law and buries her brother Polyneices because in her mind it wasnt right to accept this discrimination. She does this because she is compassionate and loves her brother very much. Creon believes that his laws must be obeyed and would do anything to prevent any type rebelling against them, especially by a woman. He is even more infuriated when he learns that a woman has broken his laws, this was highly an unexpected task done by a woman, this showed that the woman were portrayed as weak characters incapable of even thinking to break the laws set by the land. Secondly, Antigone shows how determined she is by accepting her consequences with pride. She does not try to hide that she is responsible for breaking Creons laws; moreover, she takes all the credit for her doings. All the while she maintains her strength because she truly believes in her actions. These sorts of actions ultimately prove that Antigone is courageous and willing to stand up to men, which was completely against the norm at this time. Her spirit refuses to submit to the role of a helpless woman like her sister Ismenes character does. Ismene is described to be a coward and refuses to help her sister because she feared men. Her character is a close representation of the viewpoints of the male gender regarding women. She is subordinate and weak-willed. She refuses to stand up to Creon due to her fears even though in her heart she knows that his laws are morally wrong and unacceptable. This type of behavior in famous works of art is very common for women to behave like this. Ismene proclaims, We are only women, we cannot fight with men, Antigone! this proves that she is unwilling to do the right thing if it means standing up to a man. Another example of how cowardly Ismene is portrayed is when she tries to take credit for burying her brother with Antigone. She is so scared that she will be left all alone without Antigone that she is willing to die with her. Then when he realizes she had no part in the crime does he describes her as, .she never had a mind at all. (Sophocles, pg.208) The play is also filled with instan ces of a sexist male viewpoint. Creon states,1If we must lose, lets lose to a man, at least. Is a woman stronger than we? This is evidence that Creon does not see women as equals to men. He feels that women have no rights to break the laws and therefore, must be punished for their irrationality. He eventually realizes that he has offended the Gods with his actions as ruler of Thebes. It is not until his own wife kills herself because of his tyranny against humanity does he realize his mistakes. This is way too late to redeem his lost loved ones or take back his disrespect toward women. The Greek tragedy Antigone by Sophocles is one of the dramatic plays that display the different roles women play in society. The two sisters Ismene and Antigone portray major female characteristics. While Antigone plays the role of a strong and sensible woman, Ismene portrays the typical submissive and mild role. The character of Creon demonstrates through his tyrant rule, the sexist male viewpoint of the ancient Greek world. This play proves that gender disparity has always been present in society since many centuries ago. In the novel chronicle of a death foretold the main female character we encounter in the book is Angela Vicario, who is the bride of the groom named Bayardo san Roman. She is in many ways one of the main characters in the story, and has the strongest narrative voice. In addition, she is center of the mystery that the narrator is trying to unravel, since she is the only one who knows whether or not Santiago was truly the one who took her virginity, and she remains mysterious at the end of the story because she never reveals whether or not he was guilty.

I: The Better Part of Justice

Through two separate cases and decisions respecting the affirmative action policy at the University of Michigan, the Supreme Court offered two opposite opinions on the same question—striking down the university’s undergraduate College of Literature, Science and the Arts (LSA) affirmative action policy (Gratz v. Bollinger, 6-3) in 2003 and upholding the University of Michigan Law School’s (UMLS) affirmative action policy (Grutter v. Bollinger, 5-4) at the same time. However, the specific reasoning for each of the two different opinions explains the court’s seemingly contradictory rulings. In the Grutter v. Bollinger decision of this reverse discrimination challenge, the Supreme Court agreed that the State had a compelling interest in an ethnically diverse student body at UMLS which afforded applicants who are ethnic minorities a greater regard in their candidature for acceptance to the law school. UMLS considered candidates holistically and did not award them points solely on the basis of their ethnic minority status. The Court held that the practice is not prohibited by the U.S. Constitution and was in keeping with the narrow tailoring set forth by Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978) for how affirmative action admission policies might be devised when informed by the Fourteenth Amendment. Moreover, the Court said that the affirmative action policy ought not to be permanent and should be replaced by a color-blind policy after twenty-five years at which time affirmative action in admissions should no longer be necessary. Concerning Gratz v. Bollinger, the Court’s opinion was opposite the Grutter case finding that the affirmative action policy used by LSA was a violation of the Fourteenth Amendment. Unlike UMLS, LSA automatically awarded points to ethnic minority applicants on the basis of their minority ethnicity alone as opposed to the special consideration of each candidate as an individual like UMLS did. Thus, the Court sided with the plaintiffs against Bollinger because of the automatic nature of the preferential treatment of ethnic minority candidates for no other considerations than race. This was viewed as a blatant violation of the U.S. Constitution because the numeric system was not narrowly tailored and failed to meet the standard of strict scrutiny. It is clear from these two cases and Supreme Court decisions that affirmative action as a means to student diversity was not in contention for the Court but rather the administration of any such policy. The how was the real heart of the matter and not whether such a policy was needed at this point in time in American history. As in almost any case, it is the details that ultimately determine the court’s as well as the public’s opinion on an issue before them. II: The Affirmative Action Controversy Ironically, Boatright’s â€Å"No† (p. 179) column against affirmative action on the whole were more compelling arguments in support of why the U.S. government should implement affirmative action in employment and in education than the â€Å"Yes† (p. 178) column favoring the policy. Although Justice O’Connor appealed to research in social science in her composition of the majority decision, like the â€Å"Yes† column arguments seem to do, the logical thinking of the â€Å"No† column appeals to reason and justice. When relevantly compared to the almost four centuries of societal and institutional discrimination and prejudice, the view that affirmative action promotes a victim mindset is an incompetent argument and becomes fallacious. The logical argument is that the very maltreatment itself is the greatest cause of any sense of victim identity as it would be in a criminal case (e.g., rape, assault, mugging, etc.). Contrarily, affirmative action is likely to foster a sense of relief or appreciation like when the criminal that victimized someone is caught. Furthermore, special consideration in getting a foot in the door of a school or job does not ‘taint’ the work or confidence of individuals—as we see from the privileged access white ethnics have enjoyed in the Americas since the 1600s—who understand the difference between access and performance and are often anxious to prove their worth for which the lack of access is a barrier. Once access is granted to those it has been denied, they desire to â€Å"succeed or fail on an equal basis† (p. 179) just as any other privileged class claims to desire. Although racial tensions may arise, it is a stretch of the imagination to argue that affirmative action is somehow worse than racial prejudice and discrimination respecting racial tensions or anything else. One day the pernicious effects of racial discrimination may well be in the past like American slavery is but they are not past yet. Sparing white ethnics from reverse discrimination sometimes is inadequate as a defense for maintaining the status quo in the quixotic hope that institutional prejudice and discrimination against ethnic minorities will someday just fade away. Certainly, the abundant evidence of discrimination is comparable to the special preferences afforded war veterans, Holocaust victims, 9/11 attack victims, their families, and affected businesses as well as displaced victims of Hurricane Katrina. Like the Tsunami victims in 2004 half the world away, the U.S. government recognizes by its own actions that victims of disaster, domestically or internationally, require some type of preferred assistance to overcome the devastating effects of something inflicted upon them. Victims of the long-lasting effects and consequences of the peculiar institution of slavery in the U.S. are just as deserving of special consideration as victims of events or forces that warrant special attention from the FEMA or the Red Cross or any number of other governmental and non-governmental organizations domestically and internationally which are dedicated to providing assistance to affected persons with particular regard to race. For example, these organizations would not locate themselves in England but in Ethiopia or Indonesia or Haiti. Moreover, because the aim of affirmative action is to increase ethnic diversity in colleges and universities and access to employment it does not explicitly quash the special privileges enjoyed by white ethnics with regard to access to higher education or gainful employment. The idea that race-neutral criteria can work, or are even just in this job/school context given the longstanding social history of the condition, to correct the tremendous inequities caused and maintained by institutional discrimination against ethnic minorities is unrealistic at best and underhanded in the least. It essentially is an argument for the status quo because it offers no compelling alternative public policy by which the object of ending racial inequity in schools and the labor market is begun. It would restore the privileges of the ethnic majority unabated while relegating the ethnic minority(ies) of the nation to feed on the scraps from the table of the descendants of their former slave masters. It takes no stretch of the imagination to see how such a non-policy policy would be the very framework of wider racial tensions on par with the widening gap between rich and poor in the United States. References Grutter v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 306 (2003) and Gratz v. Bollinger, 539 U.S. 244 (2003). Writs of Certiorari to the United States Court Of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit (Nos. 02-241, 02-516). Retrieved April 29, 2007, from http://www.oag.state.ny.us/press/2003/feb/grutter_vs_bollinger.pdf   

Is American Dream Still Alive?

In discussion of American dreams, one controversial issue is that Cal Thomas, the panelist on Fox News, claims that it is the dysfunctional government and unstrained liberalism that cause the end of American dreams, but the principle of American culture and the awareness of what got us here will help us to get back on the right track. On the other hand, Brandon King, a student of university of Cincinnati, argues that the American dreams are still alive. What is more, it is the inequality that ruin the American dreams.As long as people have the faith that the life will be better off than today and enact policy to sustain economic growth, the American dreams will keep alive. I totally agree with King’s view and I believe that government do play a important role in regulating economy and they should enact some policy of educational expenditure and therefore, they can provide with recourse to those who need it. Both king and Thomas discuses the definition of American dreams. Thoma s defines American dreams as achieving greater prosperity and consuming more material goods.What is more, King extends Thomas’s idea and claims that the old American dream is just as what Thomas says, but the new American dream is trimmed down version of its former self. He believes that most people prefer a stable, middle-class lifestyle now, and they change their spending habit from consuming money to get joy to focusing on saving money for the future and having secure employment by showing some statistics about ownership decreasing from 69% in 2005 to 66. 5% in 2010 and renter household increasing 1. 1million.And they both agree that culture plays an important role in shaping American dream. Thomas blames dysfunctional government and unstrained liberalism for leading Americans down a path to economic and cultural insolvency while Kings complicates his idea by arguing that government action is still helpful too. Thomas blames government for their action of over-expanding, e ncroaching, over-taxing, overspending, and over-regulating that erode some nature virtue of people such as self-reliance, individual initiative and personal accountability.However, king disagrees with him and says that government do help to bring economy back to a stable path such as funding for Wall Street and struggling businesses because of a principle that large business and financial institution enable many others to attain economic stability and security. By helping those big companies, government can increase job opportunities and hire more people, which was what President Obama did in 2010 to get economy out of depression. In the further discussion, King demonstrates that the biggest obstacle of economy recovery is inequality.And he points out that it is useless for government to redistribute income by taxing rich people and give insurance to pool people, which will only cause the total expenditure of nation decrease and lead to further recession. I totally agree with Kingâ €™s view that the American dream is still alive, and the key to keep the American dream alive and make economy prosperities is the right of education, because American people needs educational opportunity to compete in the global economy and put gainful employment in it. However, too high taxes and burdensome regulations on people are the knottiness that block people from education.A son of my mother’s friend was doing excellent job in high school and he decided to go to medical school to continue his study. One day he got a letter from administration office said that he was enrolled in johns Hopkins university. He was super excited and yearned for the college life in the future. However, the high tuition fee $39000 a year broke his heart. His family could not afford such a tuition fee at that time. So he ends up in university of Berkeley, which is a good choice for us but not for him. Our family all feel sorry for him because we believe that he deserve the top school to start his college life.From my perspective, I suggest that the government really need some policy on regulating educational expenditure that enable every person to get his or her education if he or she deserves it. In conclusion, both Thomas and King believe that the American dream is still alive. However, Thomas blames dysfunctional government for economic recession while King says it is the inequality that cause problem. I agree with King’s view and I suggest government to cut some tuition fee and enact some policy on educational expenditure to give enough educational resource to these people who deserve it, because education is the key to economic prosperity.

Bio of French Impressionist Painter Boudin

Bio of French Impressionist Painter Boudin Louis Eugà ¨ne Boudins pint-sized paintings may not enjoy the same reputation as the more ambitious works by his star pupil Claude Monet, but their diminutive dimensions should not diminish their significance. Boudin introduced his fellow Le Havre resident to the pleasures of painting en plein air, which decided the future for talented young Claude. In this respect, and although he was technically a key precursor, we may consider Boudin among the founders of the Impressionist movement. Boudin participated in the first Impressionist exhibition in 1874, and also exhibited in the annual Salon that year. He did not participate in any subsequent Impressionist exhibitions, preferring instead to stick to the Salon system. It was only in his last decade of painting that Boudin experimented with the broken brushwork for which Monet and the rest of the Impressionists were known. Life The son of a sea captain who settled in Le Havre in 1835, Boudin met artists through his fathers stationery and framing shop, which also sold artists supplies. Jean-Baptiste Isabey (1767-1855), Constant Troyon (1810-1865) and Jean-Franà §ois Millet (1814-1875) would come by and offer the young Boudin advice. However, his favorite art hero at the time was the Dutch landscapist Johan Jongkind (1819-1891). In 1850, Boudin received a scholarship to study art in Paris. In 1859, he met Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) and poet/art critic Charles Baudelaire (1821-1867), who took an interest in his work. That year Boudin submitted his work to the Salon for the first time and was accepted. Beginning in 1861, Boudin divided his time between Paris during the winter and the Normandy coast during the summer. His small canvases of tourists on the beach received respectable attention and he often sold these quickly painted compositions to the people who had been captured so effectively. Boudin loved to travel and set out for Brittany, Bordeaux, Belgium, Holland and Venice quite often. In 1889 he won a gold medal at the Exposition Universelle and in 1891 he became a knight of the Là ©gion dhonneur. Late in life Boudin moved to the south of France, but as his health deteriorated he chose to return to Normandy to die in the region that launched his career as one of the maverick plein-air painters of his era. Important Works: On the Beach, Sunset, 1865The Nurse/Nanny on the Beach, 1883-87Trouville, View Taken from the Heights, 1897 Born: July 12, 1824, Trouville, France Died: August 8, 1898, Deauville, France

Todays Music essays

Today's Music essays In an age of error the most influential thing in a child and or a teenagers life is music. Whether it be Reggae, Hip Hop, Gangster Rap, Rt understand how people could listen to non-stop cursing and fast-paced lyrics. Even though my opinion of the music isnt so great the singers have to get some credit for being able to recite poetry in such a manner. I prefer the heavier stuff like Slipknot, KoRn, or Kittie because I enjoy talented people who play their own instruments, and personally I like very loud music. Reggae is well known because of one group and that group is Bob Marley and The Wailers. I happen to like them because they pretty much set the standards for a band that are known to people as Sublime. They are sort of a rock "n" roll/reggae band with hit songs like "What I Got" and "Santeria". My friends and I sometimes refer to Bob Marley as the "God" of music. Another popular style of music is the Pop music category. I think it features a bunch of no talent boy groups like NSyn c* and the Backstreet Boys. It is artists like this who are ruining our countries youth. These bands are corrupting the minds of our teen and pre-teen girls, and I dont believe its right that they are doing this because very rarely do girls like the same music as my friends and I. Finally we get to the music that gets more interesting the heavy metal/rock music. I happen to like this style of music the best because the music means something. I dont think that it is right for the tabloids to go out every time something happens with shootings at schools and blame it on the rock music. Rap is the music that gives the message of killing and shooting people. I dont think it is right that they can go blame artists like Marilyn Ma...

The Origin of Modern American Capitalism and Society Assignment

The Origin of Modern American Capitalism and Society - Assignment Example The first section of the fourteenth amendment stated that all people born or resident in the United States are the citizens of the United States and of the state wherein they reside. There shouldn’t be discrimination among the people because of any law. The state is neither allowed to restrict people to have autonomy, liberty or property nor are they to be denied the protection of the law. The fifteenth amendment main emphasize was on human rights. It claimed that any citizen will not be denied to vote because of their race, color or religion. It also claimed that Congress has the authority to subject this article by adequate legislation. Furthermore, the right to abolish slavery and give the citizens the equal right to protection was put forward and passed in later years. Moreover, after opposing from people, this amendment banned franchise restriction or race color and religion too. Reaction to these amendments was not very pleasing. The fourteenth amendment was bitterly rejected by Southern states, which were required to sign it in order to return their delegation to Congress. The fifteenth amendments also faced strong rebuff initially. However, Republican, under the influence of Ulysses S. Grant was convinced that the involvement of blacks is good for the party’s future. Frederick’s ‘frontier thesis’ proved eligible between 1870 and 1900 when families and individual moved to trans-Mississippi because they got the way to increase the family farming procedure as they got more place.

Explain how and why dunkin donuts conducts marketing resarch. Be Essay

Explain how and why dunkin donuts conducts marketing resarch. Be Specific. Describe what type of resarch is Dunkin Donut doing primary or seconday. Why - Essay Example Due to this research the organization started locating itself near homes as well as business areas and they even opened their business in large stores such as Wal-Mart. This depicts that Dunking Donuts is involved in conducting mainly primary research. Primary research is that research that is conducted by the researcher themselves and this form of research has not been conducted before. This form of research is conducted by the organization in order to identify what the customers want. It is very essential for an organization to first identify the needs and wants of the customers and then develop their products and services in compliance with those needs and wants (Kotler 98). This is because customers always want to purchase those goods and services that satisfy their needs and wants. If an organization develops goods and services without conducting research, it is most likely to fail. This is because such an organizations offering may not attract customers and the offerings they h ave developed would not be

Describe how lesson pacing may vary based on specific student Essay

Describe how lesson pacing may vary based on specific student characteristics and complexity of the content - Essay Example There has to be a change in the pace of delivering lectures from the teachers. Otherwise, the lesson will become monotonous. The students will be uninterested in learning the lesson. The teacher may change the pace and impart various activities to rouse interest in the minds of the students. The teacher may induct certain activities or take small tests. This breaks the monotonous cycle of the lesson and imparts something new. A teacher may use interesting references from other books to make the lessons more interesting. Pacing of the lessons is an important criterion for the students to learn. It has been observed that the students learn more if the pace of the delivery of lessons is fast. This means that the students are supplied with more materials to learn. The â€Å"Academic learning time† for students is a small percentage of the total available time. The learning time for the students is only about 17% of the total available time. Therefore, to impart maximum amount of knowledge it is essential for the teachers to follow a brisk pace in teaching the students. It has been observed that the students learn more with brisk pace. However, the efficiency of pacing depends upon the teachers imparting knowledge to the students. The effective teachers tend to cover more in a short period. The less effective teachers are left to cover most of the curriculum in the later part of the course and cannot provide the students with enough time to practice. This makes the students less efficient in the lessons, which makes an important effect on their progress. (Time management, n.d. pp. 4-7; Teaching tip 18, n.d.: Pacing, n.d.) Again, it has to be kept in mind that students may not be open to take the knowledge imparted to them in the short time frame. Therefore, though the teachers may look to finish the lesson in a short period but it may not be useful for the students at all. Therefore, pacing has to develop by

The Food Dilemma of the Omnivore Essay Example for Free

The Food Dilemma of the Omnivore Essay Everybody loves food, especially America. Americans are obsessed with food, and that is correlated to the fact that in America, food is almost always readily available to us. We have fast food restaurants, grocery stores, restaurants, and farmers markets with most of the food being relatively affordable. Our nation without a doubt has many dilemmas that need to be solved, however if you were to group all of these dilemmas into different sets and focus on the â€Å"food† set of the dilemmas, which would be our nation’s current food dilemma? Taking everything into account, finding healthy, tasteful foods seems to be the main concern of many Americans today. With obesity on the rise like it is, healthy foods are a need to many of Americans. However, this is a very difficult dilemma to solve because many of the tasteful foods are usually the unhealthy ones, eating only healthy foods could very well make us miss out on key nutrients our body needs, and also the â€Å"important† qualities of food are only known because of science. Some of the trademarks of American foods are pizza and hamburgers, however when has a regular pizza or regular hamburger ever been ordered by someone on a strict diet or someone who only eats healthy foods? Hamburgers have been transformed into veggie burgers and pizzas have been changed to white pizzas. The problem with veggie burgers and white pizzas are they simply do not taste as good as a regular hamburger or pizza. As Michael Pollen stated, â€Å"to think of some of the most delicious components of food as toxins, as nutritionism has taught us to do in the case of fat, does little for our happiness as eaters† (13). When Americans try and eat healthy, they opt to go for the healthy options and not the unhealthy options even though those are the foods that taste the best. So to conquer the dilemma of finding healthy, tasteful foods, we must find healthy foods that taste as good as the unhealthy foods. In America, the amount of Americans who vow to eat healthy and live a  healthy life has indeed gone up of the past decades, but how come the amount of Americans who get sick and who get diseases have gone up. The quality of life is certainly greater now than it was during World War II and during the steel mill days, but the amount of cancer patients has gone up along with many other life threatening diseases. Could that be connected to the fact that food is no longer what it used to be and vital nutrients are missing from our diet because they are only available to us from unhealthy foods? In The Changing Significance of Food, Margaret Mead brings up the question, â€Å"how can the country be overnourished and undernourished at the same time† (15). Mead is point on when she states that America is overnourished based upon how many healthy foods we have, however it is very interesting when she states we are undernourished at the same time. America is able to be both undernourished and overnourished because the healthy, diet foods do not contain the nutrients we need to live a healthy life. An example of this would be the choice between whole milk and skim milk for a baby or toddler. Skim milk is obviously healthier and does not contain as many calories as whole milk, however does skim milk supply all of the nutrients whole milk does to the body. If we can succeed in adding all of the nutrients we as humans need to the deemed â€Å"healthy† foods, we will be a step closer in conquering the problem of finding healthy, tasteful foods. There are so many foods out there that are labeled healthy, like turkey, white chicken, green tea, and skim milk. However, how do we as consumers know what make all these healthy foods healthy? All of the information we know about food comes from inside a laboratory where food scientists study the components of all the food imaginable. Because of this, any food with any trace of fat in it is automatically thrown out of consideration for being labeled healthy. On the other hand, sure fat may not be healthy, but what if there is a health benefit to eating a certain kind of fat. Maybe down the line scientists will discover a certain kind of fat can help prevent cancer. Going back to Michael Pollen’s article of Nutritionism, Pollen’s quotes Harvey Levenstein when he states â€Å"taste is not a true guide to what should be eaten; that one should not simply eat what one enjoys; that the important components of foods cannot be seen or tasted, but are discernible only in scientific laboratories† (14). Important qualities of  foods now a day are calories, fat and carbohydrates while in the past they were vitamin B, protein and calcium. When producers take out all the unhealthy nutrients in food, the tastefulness of the food indeed goes down, making it a less desirable option. Once again, with the â€Å"important† qualities of food being limited and constraint to a strict standard, it is harder to combat the problem of finding healthy, tasteful foods. Closing out the problems that make it harder to combat the dilemma of finding healthy, tasteful food options, consumers must remember that eating healthy is a very tricky thing. Like stated earlier, the choice between skim milk and whole milk can be a very difficult decision because of the pros and cons of each choice, but in the end the choice should always be decided on which food is better for your body, not which is the â€Å"labeled healthier† option. All in all, our nation’s current food dilemma is finding healthy, tasteful foods because many of the tasteful foods are the unhealthy ones, the country is so concerned about eating healthy we are missing some vital nutrients from the â€Å"unhealthy† foods, and the â€Å"important† qualities of food are only known because of science.

New Teaching Methods for Nontraditional Students Essay example -- Non-

Missing Figures New Teaching Methods for an Untraditional Audience It is becoming more and more common to see older students, or nontraditional students (ages 24 and above), entering college campuses. "Nontraditional" students now make up 36% of the college population (Justice and Dornan, 1). Although some question older students ability to perform in a college setting, research has proven that nontraditional students actually perform better than the traditional students (18-22 year olds). The significant differences between the traditional and nontraditional student has prompted the question whether institutions need to alter their teaching methods to fit the needs of the nontraditional student. As the population of 23+ years old continues to grow in colleges and universities, many feel that the current methods are not intellectually challenging enough for these older students. Much of the data collected in research concludes that the institutions must respond to these differences in motivation and learning. Which means the faculty might soon be challenged to develop more comprehension-based approaches, which will use strategies to explain and apply the course material (Justice and Dornan, 7). This paper will review the unique characteristics nontraditional students possess, compared with traditional students. By pointing out factors such as motivation, coping skills, and learning styles, this paper will illustrate the differences nontraditional students possess for achieving their college education, and why it is important for higher education to alter current teaching methods. These characteristics will illustrate why it is important for universities to change current teaching methods to create an adequate learning ... ... Morris, Emily A., Peggy R. Brooks, and James L. May. â€Å"The Relationship Between Achievement Goal Orientation and Coping Style: Traditional vs. Nontraditional College Students.† Mar. 2003. LookSmart’s FindArticles. 23 Mar. 2004. . Munday, Leo A. â€Å"College Access for Nontraditional Students.† The Journal of Higher Education. Nov.-Dec. 1976, vol. 47. JSTOR. 23 Mar. 2004. . Richardson, John T. E., and Estelle King. â€Å"Adult Students in Higher Education: Burden or Boom?† The Journal of Higher Education. Jan.-Feb. 1998, vol. 69. JSTOR. 23 Mar. 2004. Wolfgang, Mary E., and William D. Dowling. â€Å"Differences in Motivation of Adult and Younger Undergraduates.† The Journal of higher Education. Nov.-Dec. 1981, vol. 52. JSTOR. 23 Mar. 2004. . New Teaching Methods for Nontraditional Students Essay example -- Non- Missing Figures New Teaching Methods for an Untraditional Audience It is becoming more and more common to see older students, or nontraditional students (ages 24 and above), entering college campuses. "Nontraditional" students now make up 36% of the college population (Justice and Dornan, 1). Although some question older students ability to perform in a college setting, research has proven that nontraditional students actually perform better than the traditional students (18-22 year olds). The significant differences between the traditional and nontraditional student has prompted the question whether institutions need to alter their teaching methods to fit the needs of the nontraditional student. As the population of 23+ years old continues to grow in colleges and universities, many feel that the current methods are not intellectually challenging enough for these older students. Much of the data collected in research concludes that the institutions must respond to these differences in motivation and learning. Which means the faculty might soon be challenged to develop more comprehension-based approaches, which will use strategies to explain and apply the course material (Justice and Dornan, 7). This paper will review the unique characteristics nontraditional students possess, compared with traditional students. By pointing out factors such as motivation, coping skills, and learning styles, this paper will illustrate the differences nontraditional students possess for achieving their college education, and why it is important for higher education to alter current teaching methods. These characteristics will illustrate why it is important for universities to change current teaching methods to create an adequate learning ... ... Morris, Emily A., Peggy R. Brooks, and James L. May. â€Å"The Relationship Between Achievement Goal Orientation and Coping Style: Traditional vs. Nontraditional College Students.† Mar. 2003. LookSmart’s FindArticles. 23 Mar. 2004. . Munday, Leo A. â€Å"College Access for Nontraditional Students.† The Journal of Higher Education. Nov.-Dec. 1976, vol. 47. JSTOR. 23 Mar. 2004. . Richardson, John T. E., and Estelle King. â€Å"Adult Students in Higher Education: Burden or Boom?† The Journal of Higher Education. Jan.-Feb. 1998, vol. 69. JSTOR. 23 Mar. 2004. Wolfgang, Mary E., and William D. Dowling. â€Å"Differences in Motivation of Adult and Younger Undergraduates.† The Journal of higher Education. Nov.-Dec. 1981, vol. 52. JSTOR. 23 Mar. 2004. .

Adavantages and disadvantages of space tourism Essay

Tourism is a worldwide popular trend .people love exploring different places by going to destinations which are alien to them. Their are various forms of tourism like ecotourism, cultural tourism, medical tourism ete.. Recently, a new type of tourism was added to list. Namely space tourism. It is just as the name suggest going to space for various purposes like leisure, business ete.. today in this article I will look at the pros and cons of space tourism. One of the main merit of tourism is that it helps to develop economy. As we all know space tourism is a very wide industry hence it will open a path for many job opportunities bringing a solution to the problem of jobless people to a certain extent. Furthermore we will get to discover a wide variety of new things. We can experience firsthand the beauty of comets, asteroids, stars and planets rather than seeing them by using a telescope, after all seeing with our own eyes have a different feel completely. In addition to this ,the fu ture of tourism will flourish. When advanced technological inventions like space shuttles and such are used a lot of people will be attracted to this industry .This is very much true right? Just imagine if we come across an event which we are not very familiar with then the tendency to learn it also grows. On the other hand, there are a lot of demerits of space tourism as well. Space tourism is quite a risky thing. No matter how developed we are if a catastrophe strikes in outer space we are not very likely to survive .moreover, it can be called simply a useless activity. Just for the mere pleasure of the eye there is no need to spend so much. It is a squander of money and time Instead, if that same amount is given to the people who are suffering from famine and natural disasters, magnanimously we can make our world a better place for people of different standards. Space tourism is also affordable to a few. Even one trip to space takes over hundred thousand dollars. This results in different problems between the rich and poor .furthermore, it gives rise to a lot of environmental problems like global warming since a lot of non renewable sources are used in this industry. Space tourism is both a boon and ban .if it is carried out carefully then it will bring about lot of benefits and if it is not carries out carefully then get ready to face the worst outcome.

Opportunity and Threat of Cadbury

Opportunity First of all , Cadbury should increase in market potential of developing counties. Especially expand into the emerging markets of Nigeria ,China and Russia, based on their growing populations, increasing consumer wealth and increasing demand for confectionery products. So that It would be a potential market for Cadbury. Moreover , based on their strong brand name , Cadbury can try doing different types of businesses like innovatively doing Co-Brand Marketing with other brand industries . Ingredient branding in food industries for example published chocolate milk ,ice cream even chocolate tofu pudding. Also doing complementary branding like published T-shirt and accessories . Besides the market , Cadbury should responds to change in consumer tastes and preferences because consumers are more concern health nowadays , low-fat, organic and natural confectionery demand appears much stronger . So that a healthier snacks with lower calories need to be developed. For example Cadbury should launch some links which led to sugar-free & center filled chewing gum varieties and Cadbury premium indulgence treat. Last but not least , Cadbury can put more effort on reducing costs even increasing efficiency . For instance , Moving production to low cost countries, where raw materials and lab our is cheaper besides India . Because Cadbury ‘s production lines are mostly located in high cost countries like Australia and US . And also reducing internal costs like doing global sourcing , procurement , efficient supply chain and wise investment . Threat First of all , Cadbury will face the intense competition against other branded suppliers even global competitors . According to above statistic , Mars-Wrigley and Nestle are the main competitors especially Mars-Wrigley the strongest market sharing in total confectionery . When they set an aggressive price and promotion activity , it ‘s possible to occur price wars in the market which will induce a main threat for Cadbury. Especially affecting their marketing sharing and profits . For example there would be seasonal sales slumps all year round which will reflect to an increase in cost of raw material needs . Second one is â€Å"Copycat† problem. Especially when Cadbury expand into developing countries like China, based on their unhealthy legal system , it ‘s easy to appear â€Å" Copycat† problem which will totally affect their profits , market sharing and their unique images . For example Tempo Tissues is the mainâ€Å" Copycat† problem sufferer when entering in China market . Many fakes products have approached in the market. Last but not least , due to its confectionary products , It ‘s important for them to be aware of upcoming threats . For example taking notes of the changes in the consumers ‘ buying trends . For example low-fat, organic and natural confectionery demand appears much stronger . So that they should shift from chocolates to healthy snacks , otherwise there may be tarnish the Cadbury ‘s brand name and totally affect their income .

Custom Component Development in Delphi

Custom Component Development in Delphi Components are essential elements of the Delphi environment. One of the most important features of Delphi is that we can use Delphi to create our own components. We can derive a new component from any existing component, but the following are the most common ways to create components: modifying existing controls, creating windowed controls, creating graphic controls, subclassing Windows controls and creating nonvisual components. Visual or not, with or without property editor, from scratch...you name it. Developing Delphi components isnt a simple task, it involves quite a bit of knowledge of the VCL. However, developing custom components is not an impossible task; writing components is just pure programming. Articles, Papers, Tutorials What follows is a list of articles that deal with custom component development in Delphi. Accessing protected members of a componentMany Delphi components have useful properties and methods that are marked invisible (protected) to a Delphi developer. In this article, you will find the workaround to this problem - thus enabling you to access a DBGrids RowHeights property, for example.Creating Custom Delphi Components - Inside and OutThis tutorial will explain component writing to you, which should result in more code reuse. It will go over properties, events, and methods, and will also explain how to install components. The final part of this tutorial is about Object-Oriented design.Creating Custom Delphi Components, Part IThis first part demonstrates some of the best approaches to building components, and at the same time provides tips on deciding on the best base class to inherit from, using virtual declarations, the complexities of overriding, and so on.Creating Custom Delphi Components, Part IIQuite often it is necessary to write components that perform more advanced f unctions. These components often need to either reference other components, have custom property data formats, or have a property that owns a list of values rather than a single value. We will explore various examples covering these very subjects, starting with the most simple. Creating Custom Delphi Components, Part IIIThis article is the final part of a three part article on components. Part one covered the basic creating of components, part two covered how to write advanced properties, how to write custom streaming for those properties and sub-properties. This final part will cover property/component editors, how to write dedicated editors for your component/property, and how to write hidden components. More Resources First, if you want more, consider buying a book on Developing custom components.Second, why not try locating an existing (with source perhaps) component you are looking for.Third, when you are 100% sure there is no such question on custom component development you cant answer...there will be something that you dont know. Everything you have to do is to ask a question on the Delphi Programming Forum and wait for answers. Articles, papers, tutorialsHere is a list of articles that deal with custom component development in Delphi. VCL Component Messages [RTF]Component Messages (CM_) are generated only by the VCL and are not reflected Windows Messages (WM_), as one may assume. In spite of that Component Notifications (CN_) are reflected Windows Messages. The idea behind it is, that Windows often sends messages to a parent window of a control instead of the control itself. The VCL simply converts (reflects) these messages to Component Notifications and then sends it to the control, for which the message originally was meant. Delphi Component Building.In this article, read about every aspect of Delphi Component building. Design a TTicTacToe component and learn about: how to build our own components for Delphi, how to add properties, methods and custom events to them, how to wrap them around DLLs, how to install them, how to design a palette bitmap and write on-line help to support the component user. Building SuperComponents in Delphi [download]SuperComponents, also known as aggregate or compound components, are collections of existing sub-components and their relationships combined into a single component. The collections are typically arranged inside a container parent component that manages the visual layout of the sub-components.

Addressing the Impacts of Undergraduates Engagement in Community Service on Stakeholders

Addressing the Impacts of Undergraduates Engagement in Community Service on Stakeholders Introduction Background Information Community service as a concept has gained popularity throughout the world for various reasons. Perold Rahmat (1997:14) are of the view that this concept is gaining popularity in discourses taking place throughout the world. This is especially the case in community development discussions.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Addressing the Impacts of Undergraduates’ Engagement in Community Service on Stakeholders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bryant West (2011) views community service as service or activity that â€Å"..is donated or performed by an individual or a group of individuals to benefit the community† (p. 82). The aim of community service is to benefit members of the public or the various institutions that are found in a contemporary society. It is noted that not every individual who provides community service can be referred to as a volunteer. This is a common misconception among members of the public. It is not everyone who is contributing to the wellbeing of the community is doing so at their own free will. This is given the fact that the individual may be compelled to provide community service by various factors. Such an individual cannot be conceptualised as a volunteer. However, those who provide community service on their own volition with the sole aim of benefiting members of the society and the various social institutions can be regarded as volunteers (Hustinx, 2005: 530). So what are some of the reasons that compel someone to provide community service? According to Jones Hill (2003: 539), there are various reasons why one may feel compelled to provide community service against their will. For example, the government may require some people to provide community service as a policy. This is for example when military officers are required to provide humanitarian assistance to members of the public during war. Another r eason may be an order from the court especially for those criminals who are serving their sentence on probation. A school may also require the students to provide community service before they graduate. These are just some of the various reasons that may compel someone to provide community service against their will.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Jehan (2004: 297) opines that recent developments in the world today have greatly affected community service. For example, globalisation has made the community so complex such that several communities around the world are dependent on each other. This being the case, community service in one community may have impacts on another society in a different part of the world. The issue of interdependence among communities is especially significant given the fact that globalisation has created a situation whereby limited r esources have to be shared by the various communities around the world (Jehan, 2004: 297). As a result of globalisation, it is noted that community service requires the engagement of various stakeholders in the society. This is given the fact that a single sector or a single segment of the society cannot effectively meet the requirements of community service in a given society (Hustinx, 2005: 526). Collaboration between various stakeholders such as businesses, schools and such others is needed to improve the welfare of the community. So what are some of the benefits of community service? According to Vermeulen, Nawir Mayers (2003: 12), both the community and the person providing the service stand to benefit from community service. For example as far as the individual is concerned, community service leads to a sense of pride and satisfaction after helping the needy (Dwayne Palmer, 2006: 399). The individual feels needed and feels that they have contributed to the wellbeing of the s ociety. Community service also fosters a sense of responsibility on the part of the volunteer or the person providing the service (Bednarz et al., 2008: 92). The person feels indebted to the community and feels that they have a duty to perform. It is noted that community service strengthens the community benefiting from the service. For example, a business enterprise providing free medical services to the members of the community improves the overall health of the whole community (Altman, 1995: 529). As the volunteer gets to interact with other members of the community, a sense of tolerance develops between the members of the community and the volunteer. This is especially so in regions such as Africa where ethnic and tribal animosity is rife. A volunteer should ideally provide services to all members of the society without discriminating on the basis of ethnicity or other differences.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Addressing the Impacts of Under graduates’ Engagement in Community Service on Stakeholders specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is important to note that as much as the community and the individual stands to benefit from community service, there are various challenges facing the provision of this service in a given community (Bebbington Farrington, 1993: 202). The challenges vary through time and space. This means that they vary from one community to the other and from one time or period to the other. Such challenges may include the resistance on the part of the members of the community. The members of the community may resist help from outsiders even when it is obvious that such help is to their own benefit. For example, a country in Africa may decline humanitarian help from a Western nation claiming that such assistance may threaten the sovereignty of the country. Another challenge may be resistance and lack of cooperation on the part of the community service prov iders. A case in point is when students resist providing community service when it is made mandatory by the school management. It is also noted that community service may be threatened by lack of funds which will hamper the ability of the organisation or the individual to provide such services. A case in point is when there is lack of donor funding to support famine relief programs in Africa. Problem Statement As already noted in this paper, community service can be provided by different individuals and organisations from within and without the target community. This may include businesses providing community service as part of their corporate social responsibility program, faith based organisations as part of their outreach program or individuals interested in giving back to the community (Booth, 2006: 13). A university is such an organisation that may find it necessary to provide community service as part of its academic and professional program. The university may require the stu dents to participate in community service before they graduate. This is for example when the department of dentistry requires the trainee dentists to participate in dental camps organised in the community to provide members of the community with free dental services. Other activities in which the students may participate include planting trees, cleaning, caring for the needy among others.Advertising Looking for research paper on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Perold Rahmat (1997) are of the view that universities in Africa have embraced community service as a program and strategy aimed at addressing various problems facing such an institution. For example, the universities may require the students to engage in community service in order to gain practical experience as far as working within the community is concerned (Cooke Kothari, 2001: 13). The universities may also participate in community service as part of the institution’s efforts to give back to the community. According to Perold Rahmat (1997: 15), advocates of community service are of the view that such a program can be used by the university to address various issues facing higher learning. To this end, advocates of such a program are of the view that community service benefits not only the community but also the student and the institution as a whole. The community benefits by having its welfare and wellbeing of its members improved while the student benefits by gaini ng working experience among other benefits. The university on its side is able to establish and sustain working relationship with the members of such a community as a result of the community service (Wilson, 2011: 19). One is able to identify the various stakeholders involved in community service in Africa by analyzing the benefits that community service provided by a university has. The stakeholders in such a case may include the students, the university, the government and the community as alluded to above (Mobley, 2007: 129). Out of all these stakeholders, it is noted that the university students who are participating in community service are perhaps the main beneficiaries of such a program. As already indicated in this paper, the students acquire professional skills as a result of their participation and they may also be earning in the process (Perold Rahmat, 1997: 15). This is for example when the students are financed by various donor agencies to participate in community serv ice. It is noted that youths actively advocate for community service programs in African universities. This is perhaps given the fact that they have come to realise that they are the main beneficiaries of such programs. Authors cite the example of the annual South African Students’ Congress (also referred to as Sasco) held in 1996 which passed a resolution supporting compulsory community work for all students in institutions of higher learning (Perold Rahmat, 1997: 16). According to the resolution passed by the students, community work should be in line with what the student is studying in the university. For example, a Social Work student may be involved in the provision of free social services to street children in the cities. The South African National Youth Commission also advocates for a program targeting university students in the country. The commission is of the view that such a program can be used as a creative strategy to finance higher education in South Africa (H ellebrandt, 2008: 222). The commission proposes that students who cannot meet their higher education expenses can collect credits by providing their services to the community. The discourse above illustrates a university-community development partnership in Africa. This is where the university and the community come together to improve the welfare of the members of the society. This paper is going to address the university-community partnership in Africa. The author is going to specifically address the impacts of undergraduates’ engagement in community service on stakeholders as far as Africa is concerned. The researcher will adopt a literature review methodology which will involve a critical review of literature that found in this field. The aim of such a critical literature review is to organise the knowledge base that is found in this field by identifying the various agreements and disagreements among authors and scholars. The literature review will also identify knowledge gaps in the field and propose areas for future studies. Research Objectives This study will have one main research objective and several specific objectives. The main objective is the overall aim and goal of the study. The main objective will be attained by addressing the various specific objectives. The main and specific objectives are as listed below: Main Objective To address the impacts of undergraduate engagement in community service on stakeholders as far as university-community partnership in Africa is concerned. Specific Objectives Analyse the various stakeholders in university-community partnership in Africa Analyse the various impacts of undergraduates’ engagement in community service on the various stakeholders in Africa Analyse the various strategies adopted by universities in providing community service in Africa Analyse the various benefits of community service provided by universities in Africa Analyse the various challenges affecting the impacts of undergrad uates’ engagement in community service in Africa Analyse the various strategies that can be used to improve the quality of community service provided by universities in Africa Provide recommendations for universities in Africa regarding university-community development partnerships in the continent Research Questions Like research objectives, this study will have a major research question and various specific research questions. It is important to note that the research questions are related to the research objectives. This is given the fact that by answering the research questions, the researcher will have addressed the objectives of the research. Major Research Question What are the various impacts of undergraduates’ engagement in community service on the stakeholders as far as university-community partnership in Africa is concerned? Specific Research Questions Who are the various stakeholders in university-community partnership in Africa? What are the impacts of u ndergraduates’ engagement in community service in Africa? What strategies are used by African universities to provide community service? What are the benefits of community service provided by universities in Africa? What are some of the challenges facing community service provided by universities in Africa? How can universities in Africa improve the quality of community service provided? Which areas of university-community partnerships in Africa can benefit from future research? Thesis Statement Undergraduates’ engagement in community service has various impacts on stakeholders as far as university-community partnership in Africa is concerned Methodology As already indicated in this paper, the author is going to use critical literature review as a research methodology. To this end, the researcher is going to identify the findings of various studies in this field and try to identify the various agreements and disagreements between the various authors. One major advanta ge of critical literature review as a methodology is the fact that the study benefits from the various perspectives of different authors in the field. A major weakness of the methodology is the fact that it generates no new knowledge in the field. All the researcher does in critical literature review is reorganise the knowledge that already exists in a given field. The researcher will identify articles from journals, books and such other academic sources that address the issue of university-community development partnership. Several criteria will be used to select articles that will be included as sources in this study. For example, all the articles must come from academic or professional journals that are peer reviewed or from books. This criterion is aimed at providing credible sources for the study. Another criterion has to do with the fact that all the articles must address the issue of community service in the society. This criterion is aimed at providing this author with artic les that are relevant to the topic of the research. All the articles should also be written in English. However, this criterion does not exclude those articles that were originally written in another language but translated later to English. Scope and Limitations of the Study Overview It is noted that it is not possible to carry out a single study that is capable of addressing all the aspects of a given research topic. This being the case, it is important for the researcher to identify the boundaries within which the study will be conducted. Delineation of such a boundary helps the researcher in focusing the study. The issues that will be covered by the study are separated from those that will not be addressed. This reduces ambiguity and lack of clarity in a given study. This study is not different. It is noted that the study has various limitations that may affect the quality of the findings if not addressed. The limitations can emanate from within and from outside the study. Follo wing is a list of the scope and limitations of the study. The researcher will provide strategies to address the limitations where necessary. Scope and Limitations of the Study The study will be limited to community service provided by universities in Africa. Community service from other agencies such as businesses will not be considered The study will be limited to university-community partnerships in Africa. Such partnerships in other countries outside Africa will not be considered for the study It is also noted that the study will be limited to the participation of undergraduate students in community service. Participation from other stakeholders in the university such as lecturers and the university administration will not be the main focus of this paper The study will use information from other studies conducted in the field before. This means that the study will not generate primary data. To uphold the integrity and quality of the study, the researcher will use stringent measu res in selecting the literature that will be used for the study Significance of the Study At any given time, there are a number of studies which are being conducted in a given field. This being the case, any new research or study that is being conducted in the field has to be justified. The study can be justified on the basis of the value that it is going to add to the field. Following is an outline of the significance of this study in this field: The findings of this study will help African universities in identifying the benefits of community service and the challenges facing such programs. This will help them improve such programs in the future The findings of this study will also help universities in other parts of the world to improve their partnership with the communities by learning from the African experience The findings of the study will help policy makers such as government agencies, community based organisations and such other agencies interested in community developme nt identify the importance of university-community partnerships in Africa. This will help the policy makers come up with policies that will support such partnerships in the future Summary In this section, the author introduced the reader to the various aspects of the study that will be conducted later in the paper. Major aspects of the study were highlighted. The researcher started by providing background information on the topic. This was followed by problem statement, research questions and research objectives, methodology of the study, scope and limitations of the study and finally the significance of the study. The following section will provide information on the theoretical framework that will be used. Theoretical Framework Introduction In this section, the writer will provide information on the theoretical framework that will be used for this study. The researcher will use the participatory theory to critically analyse undergraduates’ engagement in community service i n Africa. It is noted that there are various models or theories of participation that are to be found in this field. Most of these theories are borrowed from political participation literature and adapted for participation in the context of community development. The researcher will highlight some of these theories and provide the main assumptions and arguments of the theories. Theoretical framework is an important aspect in any given research. This is given the fact that the assumptions of the theory guide the researcher in conducting the study. By analyzing the various provisions and assumptions of a theoretical framework in the field, the researcher is able to explain and analyse what they observe when conducting the study. Theories are also important since they are used in organising knowledge in a given field in a coherent manner. This makes it easier to retrieve and access the knowledge stored in such a field. Participation in Community Development: Theoretical Models Overview According to Andrea (2000: 28), participation is a very important aspect of community development. Given the fact that university-community participations are aimed at developing the community, it is noted that community development theories are applicable in such a case. Such a community development theory is the one addressing participation in development activities in such a community. According to Chambers (2007: 23), there are various factors that affect participation of various stakeholders in community development activities. These may include the form of motivation that such individuals are receiving, the socio-psychological orientation of the participants among others (Hartslief, 2005: 12). Community Development Participatory Models As already indicated earlier in this paper, there are several participatory models explaining the level and intensity of participation among stakeholders. These models can be borrowed and adapted from political participatory models found in pol itical science literature. Following are the major participatory models that can be applied in the field of community development specifically university-community partnerships in Africa: The Mobilisation Model of Community Development Participation According to this participation model, it is assumed that stakeholders in community development participate in the activities as a result of the availability of opportunities in their surroundings (D’Exelle Riedl, 2008: 12). As far as political participation is concerned, individuals can only participate in political activities such as elections if they are presented with opportunities to do so. In the context of community development, mobilisation participation model holds that an individual will participate in community development if such an opportunity is made available to that individual (Edmunds Wollenberg, 2002: 244). For example, a student will only participate in community service activities if they are provided with th e opportunity to do so. To this end, universities should ensure that they provide the student with the chance and opportunity to participate in community development through community service. This is perhaps the motivation behind the Congress for South African Students cited earlier when members proposed that community service programs should be mandatory in all institutions of higher learning. By making community service mandatory, the university will effectively provide the student with an opportunity to participate in community development (Perold Rahmat, 1997: 100). Mobilisation model theory also stipulates that individuals participate as a result of stimuli from other persons around them (Colby et al., 2011: 55). As far as political participation is concerned, it is noted that people will participate in politics as a result of persuasion and influence from other people around them. The same can apply to community development participation. Individuals may participate in commu nity service as a result of influence from other people. In other words, students in African universities can participate in community service if they are motivated by other people around them. The university can provide such motivators to the students. Community Development and the Social Psychological Model of Participation According to Hellison (2009: 28), stakeholders such as the youth can resist community service for various reasons. It is also noted that there are various strategies that can be used to resist community service or participation in community development activities. This is for example individual rebellion, collective action such as demonstrations among others. Social psychological model of participation can be used to explain such extreme behaviours. In politics, the model can be used to explain political uprising and mass actions such as the ones experienced in Egypt, Libya and other African countries. This theory provides that individuals are utilitarian actor s who are able to analyse the costs and benefits of various actions (Ugochi, 2007: 27). They can analyse the benefits and costs that are associated with their participation in community service activities and they will act based on this analysis. If the student feels that they will not benefit from community service, they are bound to resist and rebel against efforts made to compel them to participate in such activities (Horm Warford, 2003: 144). It is also noted that the individual is an actor who subscribes to a network of social norms and beliefs (Ferraiolo, 2011: 100). It is this network which provides the individual with internal and external motivations to act in a given manner. It is the reason why a student will support calls to make community service mandatory to all students in higher learning institutions in South Africa given the fact that they are tied to such students’ bodies. Participation in Community Service and The General Incentives Model of Participation According to Gillette (1985: 373), there are people who participate in community development with a lot of intensity than others. This is for example those students who will organise community service activities and lobby their teachers and students to join them. The general incentive model can be used to explain such observations. In the context of politics, the theory can be used to shed light on high- intensity forms of participation in political activities. This is for example running for office, campaigning, canvassing and such other activities. In the context of participation in community development and specifically through community service, it is noted that stakeholders need incentives to participate in such activities (Vermeulen, 2005: 34). However, it is noted that we should consider a wider array of such incentives as opposed to limiting ourselves to individual incentives that motivate the stakeholder (Vermeulen et al., 2003: 12). This model is somehow similar to the mot ivation model given the fact that the stakeholder needs a push to participate in community service. There are various forms of incentives that will motivate a stakeholder to participate in community service (Goulding, 2009: 38). A university should be aware of such incentives to ensure that they are put in place where necessary to encourage students’ participation in community development. Such incentives may include the satisfaction that the stakeholder derives from such participation, the recognition that they get among others (Osvaldo Gustavo, 2011: 29). Addressing Impacts of Undergraduates’ Engagement in Community Service in Africa Overview In this section, the researcher will critically analyse issues surrounding the impacts of undergraduates’ participation or engagement in community service in Africa. Among the issues that will be covered include the impacts of such an engagement on stakeholders, the challenges facing such an engagement and strategies use d by universities in community development among others. Stakeholders in University-Community Partnerships in Africa Before looking at the various benefits of community service by university students, it is important to first identify the various stakeholders that are involved in university-community partnerships in Africa. It is after identifying such stakeholders that we can then look at what each of them stands to gain from undergraduates’ engagement in community service. The following are some of the stakeholders: The Student This is perhaps the most important stakeholder in university-community development partnerships (Timms et al., 2005: 9). It is the students enrolled in various departments in the university who are involved in community service most of the time. For example, Perold Rahmat (1997: 102) cites the case of the South African Students’ Congress which was advocating for mandatory community service for all students in institutions of higher learning i n South Africa. From this analysis, we can conclude that the student has a very important role to play in university-community partnership. The student is the link between the university and the community in this partnership. The University As much as one would like to argue that the undergraduate is the most important stakeholder in university-community partnerships in Africa, it is important to note that the student cannot exist or carry out their duties without the support of the university. It is the university which gives such a student the mandate and the authority to provide community service in the society (Hewson et al., 2010: 12). When the members of the community interact with the student during community service sessions, they see the student as a representative of the particular university that they are coming from. This being the case, it can be argued that the university is an equally important stakeholder in the university-community partnership in Africa. It is the u niversity administration which provides the students with transport, finance and other facilities that are needed in carrying out community service. It is also the university which is tasked with the duty of equipping the student with the skills that are necessary in carrying out community service (Long, 1999: 23). The Community It is noted that the community is the major beneficiary of community service provided by the university through the students (Platteau Gaspart, 2008: 34). The participation of the community is very important in community service. It is important to ensure that the members of the community are involved in the process of identifying their needs and coming up with possible solutions to their problems (Shortall, 2004: 120). According to Chambers (2007: 41), it is important to ensure that community service activities are not imposed on the community by the university and the students or any other agency involved in community service. This is given the fact that when that happens, the community is likely to resist such efforts in effect neutralising the intended benefits. This is despite the fact that the community service endeavours may have been tailored to benefit the community and not the student or the university. Impacts of Students’ Participation in Community Service in Africa on Various Stakeholders As already indicated earlier in this paper, there are several impacts of students’ participation in community service in Africa and elsewhere in the world. It is noted that the impacts may vary from one stakeholder to the other depending on the form of community service that is being offered. One thing that has not being noted is the fact that the participation of students in community service can have both negative and positive impacts on the various stakeholders (Madzivhandila, 2005: 3). The impacts on the various stakeholders will be analysed in detail here: Impacts on Students One of the positive impacts of community s ervice on students is the fact that they gain professional experience from their participation (Ribot, 1999: 34). Take the case of a medical student who is about to graduate. Going to the village and providing medical services gives them an idea of what it is like to work in a real life situation It is also noted that participation in such endeavours leads to a sense of satisfaction on the part of the student. The student feels that they have done something useful for the community and this increases their sense of responsibility (Ribot, 2005: 89) It is noted that participation in community service may have financial benefits for the student. This is for example when the student gets paid to perform extra community service or when they perform community service in exchange for credits to finance their higher education However, it is also important to note that participation in community service may have various negative impacts on the student in Africa. For example, participation ma y take a lot of the student’s time. This is time that could have been used in other activities such as reading for an exam (Arnstein, 1969: 222) At times community service may be irrelevant to the student. This is especially so if the student is involved in community service in an area that is not related to what they are studying in school. This may also happen when the student is compelled to perform community service in order to graduate (Sithole, 2005: 177) Impacts on the University Participation in community service has several impacts on the university as an institution of higher learning in Africa. One of the major positive impacts is the establishment of links between the university and the community within which it is located (Andrea, 2000: 18) However, the participation of undergraduates in community service may be expensive on the part of the university. This is especially so if the type of community service the university is involved in is capital intensive (Tim ms et al., 2005: 2). This is significant given that most of the universities in Africa are underfunded Student participation in community service may also enhance the quality of education that is offered by the university. This is given the fact that the education is not only theoretical but also practical. This being the case, the status of the university as far as potential employers are concerned is enhanced Impacts on the Community The welfare of the community is enhanced when the university engages such a community in a university-community partnership initiative. For example, the health of the members of the community improves when the university provides free or affordable medical services to them (Durham, 2004: 600) Participation of undergraduates in community service may lead to what Platteau Gaspart (2008: 1) refer to as ‘elite capture’. This happens when a few members of the community hijack the services provided by the university and excludes other member s of the society. This will in effect lead to community development that is skewed in favour of a few members of the society or the elite Improving University-Community Partnerships in Africa Having looked at some of the benefits and costs of community service as far as university-community partnership in Africa is concerned, it is now important to look at various strategies that may be used by the various stakeholders to improve the partnership in Africa. We can analyse this by looking at some of the key features of a successful university-community partnership in Africa and elsewhere in the world. The following are some of the features: Using Faculty Work to Improve the Welfare of the Community According to Wilson (2011: 21), higher learning institutions using university-community partnerships to engage the community must start by analyzing the importance of such a partnership in achieving the mission and objective of the university. To this end, it does not benefit the universit y or the community for that matter to engage in community service activities that are seen as ‘dumbing down’ the agenda of the institution (Wilson, 2011: 21). As one step towards improving the quality of community service offered by their faculty members and students in general, the university should review the intended community service activities and how they are related to the objectives and mission of the university. Understanding and Respecting the Community A unique feature of students’ participation in community service is the fact that the activities bring together students and members of the community drawn from different racial and ethnic backgrounds (Vermeulen, 2005: 65). This being the case, there is need for the university and the students to respect and appreciate the unique culture of the community within which they are providing community services. A successful community service program is marked by this respect and understanding. It is noted that more often than not, universities make their way into the community and start imposing programs on that society. This is especially the case when universities from the western nations are involved in a university-community partnership with communities from the African continent. Such a university may enter such an African community with what Wilson (2011: 23) refers to as a â€Å"know-it-all† attitude. Such a university will practically force the community to adopt the policies that are proposed by the so called ‘know- it- all’ partner. Wilson (2011: 22) provides the university wishing to improve the quality of community service with a strategy calculated to gain acceptance from the target community. The author is of the view that the university should first immerse itself fully into the target community before initiating engagement. This will make the community accept the university and thus support the activities of such an institution. Africa may be regarded as a backward and primitive continent by many students who are not aware of the diversity of communities in this continent. Such students may be stereotypical when engaged in community service in African communities. This will compromise the community service activities initiated by universities in this continent. Establish Long-Term and Sustainable Partnerships with the Community Wilson (2011: 24) notes that a successful university-community partnership is not an â€Å"episodic phenomenon†. It is not something that develops overnight. On the contrary, such an engagement is â€Å".programmatic, research-based and more often than not long term† (Wilson, 2011: 24). Most communities in Africa are plagued by challenges and problems that have accumulated over the years as a result of negligence from the rest of the world. This is for example problems brought about by colonisation and exploitation of resources by the western nations (Colby et al., 2011: 56). These are some o f the challenges that are addressed by university-community partnership initiatives in Africa. For example, such an initiative may be addressing rampant poverty in Africa which has been brought about by interplay of factors such as bad governance, exploitation, illiteracy among others. To better address such challenges in Africa, the universities should adopt a long term strategy as opposed to a short term form of intervention (Bednarz et al., 2008: 88). As already noted, the problems did not develop overnight. This being the case, a strategy aimed at addressing these challenges should also be long term just like the challenges themselves (Dwayne Palmer, 2006: 400). As a step towards building long term engagements with the community, it is noted that the university should seek the collaboration of other agencies in community development. These are agencies such as the government, faith based organisations and other non-governmental organisations (Osvaldo Gustavo, 2011: 25). It was mentioned earlier in this paper that recent developments in the word such as globalisation and the rise of technology has changed the community completely. This is especially so for African communities which were under the rule of colonialists for a very long time. This being the case, the challenges that are facing these communities cannot be effectively tackled by one agency alone. This is the reason why the university requires other strategic stakeholders to ensure that the university-community development partnership is sustainable (Booth, 2006: 13). Types of Community Service Programs Initiated by University-Community Partnerships in Africa Community service programs take various forms in Africa. The following are just some of these forms of community service programs: Volunteer Service Programs According to Perold Rahmat (1997), a volunteer is a person who takes community service as a form of extra-curricular activity. The volunteer is involved in community service during ho lidays or when they are not having classes in the case of a university student. In volunteer programs, the student is expected to perform general tasks and not necessarily tasks that are related to their academic field. This means that volunteer programs are not taken as part of class work by the university. The student engaged in volunteer community service is not paid. However, it is noted that the university may fund the activities of the volunteer but this should not be taken as payment on the part of the volunteer student (Bryant West, 2011: 85). Work-Study Programs According to Hustinx (2005: 530), this is a form of program that combines studies and working at the same time. For example, the student may be involved in assisting their lecturers in conducting research, teaching other students among other things. A major aim of work-study program in African universities and other universities around the world is to support the student financially. This is especially so if the ad ministration feels that the student is bright but is needy and cannot afford the tuition fees. This is one way of giving back to the community on the part of the university. Placements A well known form of placement program is internship. Internship has become part of the curriculum in many universities in Africa and in the world in general. However, it is important to note that placement is not strictly structured to give back to the community on the part of the university (Perold Rahmat, 1997: 100). On the contrary, the major aim of placement is to provide the student with a link between theory and practice in learning. However, a critical analysis of the program will reveal that it has some aspects of community service in it. This is especially so when the student is attached to community based organisations such as NGOs which are providing free social services to the public. Conclusion This study critically looked at the impacts of undergraduate students’ engagement in c ommunity service in Africa. The researcher started by defining what community service is and what it entails. Some of the benefits and costs of community service to various stakeholders were analysed. The various forms of community service were also analysed as well as the various strategies that can be used by the universities in Africa to improve their community service programs. Recommendations for Future Research Future studies should make an effort to analyse how universities can improve their development partnerships with the communities. This is given the fact that there is very little data in this field touching on this topic Future studies should also try to analyse the impacts of other students apart from undergraduates as far as their engagement in community service in Africa is concerned. This is as a result of the realisation that other groups of students such as post-graduates are also involved in community service References Altman, D. G. (1995). Sustaining interventi ons in community systems: On the relationship between researchers and communities. Health Psychology, 14(6): 526-536. Andrea, C. (2000). Making a difference: Gender and participatory development. IDS, 2000: 5-30. Arnstein, S. R. (1969). A ladder of citizen participation. Journal of American Institute of Planners, 23: 216-224. Bebbington, A., Farrington, J. (1993). 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